Italy has taken a major step towards reintroducing nuclear power nearly four decades after banning it through a national referendum. On Friday, the government approved a law that sets the foundation for nuclear energy’s return, a move that Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni framed as crucial for the country’s energy security and self-sufficiency.
The proposed legislation, which still requires parliamentary approval, grants the government authority to issue decrees shaping the transition. Energy Minister Gilberto Pichetto Fratin recently stated that the full implementation process could conclude by the end of 2027.
Following a cabinet meeting, Meloni highlighted the importance of the measure, saying it would help ensure “clean, safe, and cost-effective energy,” strengthening Italy’s strategic independence.
The government plans to deploy advanced modular reactors to generate sustainable nuclear energy and support decarbonisation efforts in high-emission sectors. Officials argue that technological progress and enhanced safety measures render the 1987 anti-nuclear referendum outdated.
Estimates suggest that integrating nuclear power into Italy’s energy mix—targeting at least 11%—could reduce decarbonisation costs by €17 billion by 2050. The national energy and climate strategy indicates that nuclear could eventually contribute up to 22% of the country’s energy supply.
According to the energy ministry, the legislation will outline operational guidelines for modular reactors and support scientific research into nuclear technologies. It also aims to facilitate the decommissioning of Italy’s old nuclear plants and establish an independent regulatory body to oversee the sector.
Italy has nuclear expertise
Despite the long-standing ban, Italy has maintained nuclear expertise. State-owned energy giant Enel operates nuclear facilities in Spain, while energy firm Eni is investing in nuclear fusion research in the United States.
In addition, discussions are ongoing with international partners. Last year, Pichetto Fratin confirmed talks with firms such as U.S.-based Westinghouse and France’s EDF regarding potential collaborations on advanced nuclear reactor projects.
Italian media recently reported that a new state-backed entity, expected to include Enel, Ansaldo, and Leonardo, is nearing formation. This company would explore options for constructing small nuclear reactors, marking another significant step towards reviving nuclear power in Italy.
